A Concise Dictionary of Middle English - A. L. Mayhew and Walter W. Skeat
Pages:
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47
[ Note from the Project Gutenberg post-processor:
This book uses a variety of special characters, some of which are
easily representable in a text font, some of which are not.
A deg. (eth) and A3/4/Az (thorn/Thorn) are as-is. Yough is represented as the
two-character sequence 3*.
The special characters A|/A (ae/AE) do not have accented forms in
the standard text font, so when accented have been written as A|*
and A*.
Long marks over Latin vowels have been marked as u*, etc.
End-of-line hyphens present a significant problem in this book, as
many different languages are used, some of which hyphenate many
words. For the most part these end-of-line hyphens have been joined;
on occasion they are marked as -*.
Greek words are transliterated using the standard Gutenberg scheme.
Italics are marked _thus_, and boldface ~thus~.
Finally, the "additions and corrections" at the end have been added
into the main text, marked by [Addition] or [Correction] after the
entry.
Images of this book are available at http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/concise/
Corrections are welcome. ]
[Illustration]
A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF
MIDDLE ENGLISH
_MAYHEW AND SKEAT_
A CONCISE DICTIONARY OF MIDDLE ENGLISH FROM A.D. 1150 TO 1580
BY THE
REV. A. L. MAYHEW, M.A. OF WADHAM COLLEGE, OXFORD
AND THE
REV. WALTER W. SKEAT LITT.D.; LL.D. EDIN.; M.A. OXON. ELRINGTON AND
BOSWORTH PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
"These our Ancient Words here set down, I trust will for this time
satisfie the Reader.--R. VERSTEGAN, _Restitution of Decayed
Intelligence_, ch. vii (at the end)
"Authentic words be given, or none!" WORDSWORTH, _Lines on
Macpherson's Ossian_
MDCCCLXXXVIII
PREFACE
(BY PROFESSOR SKEAT.)
The present work is intended to meet, in some measure, the
requirements of those who wish to make some study of Middle-English,
and who find a difficulty in obtaining such assistance as will enable
them to find out the meanings and etymologies of the words most
essential to their purpose.
The best Middle-English Dictionary, that by Dr. MAtzner of Berlin, has
only reached the end of the letter H; and it is probable that it will
not be completed for many years. The only Middle-English Dictionary
that has been carried on to the end of the alphabet is that by the
late Dr. Stratmann, of Krefeld. This is a valuable work, and is
indispensable for the more advanced student. However, the present work
will still supply a deficiency, as it differs from Stratmann's
Dictionary in many particulars. We have chosen as our Main Words,
where possible, the most typical of the forms or spellings of the
period of Chaucer and Piers Plowman; in Stratmann, on the other hand,
the form chosen as Main Word is generally the oldest form in which it
appears, frequently one of the twelfth century. Moreover, with regard
to authorities, we refer in the case of the great majority of our
forms to a few, cheap, easily accessible works, whereas Stratmann's
authorities are mainly the numerous and expensive publications of the
Early English Text Society. Lastly, we have paid special attention to
the French element in Middle-English, whereas Stratmann is somewhat
deficient in respect of words of French origin [Footnote 1: A new and
thoroughly revised edition of Stratmann's Dictionary is being prepared
by Mr. Henry Bradley, for the Delegates of the Clarendon Press.] The
book which has generally been found of most assistance to the learner
is probably Halliwell's Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words;
but this is not specially confined to the Middle-English period, and
the plan of it differs in several respects from that of the present
work.
The scope of this volume will be best understood by an explanation of
the circumstances that gave rise to it. Some useful and comparatively
inexpensive volumes illustrative of the Middle-English period have
been issued by the Clarendon Press; all of which are furnished with
glossaries, explaining all the important words, with exact references
to the passages wherein the words occur. In particular, the three
useful hand-books containing Specimens of English (from 1150 down to
1580) together supply no less than sixty-seven characteristic extracts
from the most important literary monuments of this period; and the
three glossaries to these books together fill more than 370 pages of
closely-printed type in double columns. The idea suggested itself that
it would be highly desirable to bring the very useful information thus
already collected _under one alphabet_, and this has now been
effected. At the same time, a reference has in every case been
carefully given to the _particular_ Glossarial Index which
registers each form here cited, so that it is perfectly easy for any
one who consults our book to refer, not merely to the particular Index
thus noted, but to the references given in that Index; and so, by
means of such references, to find every passage referred to, with its
proper context. Moreover the student only requires, for this purpose,
a small array of the text-books in the Clarendon Press Series, instead
of a more or less complete set of editions of Middle-English texts,
the possession of which necessitates a considerable outlay of
money. By this plan, so great a _compression_ of information has
been achieved, that a large number of the articles give a summary such
as can be readily expanded to a considerable length, by the exercise
of a very little trouble; and thus the work is practically as full of
material as if it had been three or four times its present size. A
couple of examples will shew* what this really means.
At p. 26 is the following entry:--
'~Bi-heste~, _sb_. promise, S, S2, C2, P; ~byheste~,
S2; ~beheste~, S2; ~byhest~, S2; ~bihese~, S;
~biheest~, W; ~bihese~, _pl_., S.--AS. _be-hA|*s_.'
By referring to the respective indexes here cited, such as S
(=Glossary to Specimens of English, Part I), and the like, we easily
expand this article into the following:--
'~Bi-heste~, _sb_. promise, S (9. 19); S2 (I _a_. 184);
C2 (B37, 41, 42, F 698); P (3. 126); ~byheste~, S2 (18
_b_. 25); ~beheste~, S2 (14 _a_. 3); ~byhest~, S2
(12. 57, 18 _b_. 9, [where it may also be explained by
_grant_]); ~bihese~, S (where it is used as a plural);
~biheest~, W (promise, command, Lk. xxiv. 49, Rom. iv. 13;
pl. _biheestis_, Heb. xi. 13); ~bihese~, S
(_pl_. behests, promises, 4 _d_. 55).--AS. _behA|*s_'
In order to exhibit the full meaning of this--which requires no
further explanation to those who have in hand the books denoted by S,
S2, &c.--it would be necessary to print the article at considerable
length, as follows:--
'~Biheste~, _sb_. promise; "dusi _biheste_" a foolish
promise, (extract from) Ancren Riwle, l. 19; "and wel lute wule hulde
A3/4e _biheste_ A3/4at he nom," (extract from) Robert of Gloucester,
l. 184; "holdeth your _bAheste_," Chaucer, Introd. to Man of
Law's Prologue, l. 37; "_biheste_ is dette," same, l. 41; "al my
_biheste_" same, l. 42; "or breken his _biheste_" Chaucer,
sequel to Squieres Tale, l. 698; "A3/4orw fals _biheste_," Piers
Plowman, Text B, Pass. iii, l. 126; "to vol-vulle (fulfil) A3/4at
_byheste_" Trevisa (extract from), lib. vi. cap. 29, l. 25; "the
lond of promyssioun, or of _beheste_," Prol. to Mandeville's
Travels, l. 3; "wiA3/4 fair _by-hest_," William and the Werwolf,
l. 57; "A3/4e _byhest_ (promise, _or_ grant) of oA3/4ere menne
kyngdom," Trevisa, lib. vi. cap. 29, l. 9; "y schal sende the
_biheest_ of my fadir in-to 3*ou," Wyclif, Luke xxiv. 49; "not bi
the lawe is _biheest_ to Abraham," Wycl. Rom. iv. 13; "whanne the
_biheestis_ weren not takun," Wycl. Heb. xi. 13; "longenge to
godes _bihese_" Old Eng. Homilies, Dominica iv. post Pascha,
l. 55.'
We thus obtain fifteen excellent examples of the use of this word,
with the full context and an exact reference (easily verified) in
every case. And, in the above instance, all the quotations lie within
the compass of the eleven texts in the Clarendon Press Series denoted,
respectively, by S, S2, S3, C, C2, C3, W, W2, P, H, and G.
The original design was to make use of these text-books only; but it
was so easy to extend it by including examples to be obtained from
other Glossaries and Dictionaries, that a considerable selection of
interesting words was added from these, mainly for the sake of
illustrating the words in the Clarendon text-books. These illustrative
words can be fully or partially verified by those who happen to
possess all or some of the works cited, or they can safely be taken on
trust, as really occurring there, any mistake being due to such
authority.
A second example will make this clearer. '~Brant~,
_adj_. steep, high, MD, HD; ~brent~, JD; ~brentest~,
_superl_. S2.--AS. _brant (bront)_; cp. Swed. _brant_,
Icel. _brattr_.'
Omitting the etymology, the above information is given in two short
lines. Those who possess the 'Specimens of English' will easily find
the example of the superl. _brentest_. By consulting MAtzner's,
Halliwell's, and Jamieson's Dictionaries, further information can be
obtained, and the full article will appear as follows:--
'~Brant~, _adj_. steep, high, MD [~brant, brent~,
_adj_. ags. _brand_, arduus, altus, altn. _brattr_,
altschw. _branter_, schw. _brant, bratt_, dAn, _brat_,
sch. _brent_, nordengl. Diall. _brant_: cf. "_brant_,
steepe," Manipulus Vocabulorum, p. 25: steil, hoch.--"Apon the bald
Bucifelon _brant_ up he sittes," King Alexander, ed. Stevenson,
p. 124; "Thir mountaynes ware als _brant_ upri3*e as thay had
bene walles," MS. quoted in Halliwell's Diet., p. 206; "Hy3*e bonkkes
& _brent_," Gawain and the Grene Knight, l. 2165; "Bowed to A3/4e
hy3* bonk A3/4er _brentest_ hit wern," Alliterative Poems,
ed. Morris, Poem B, l. 379]; HD [~brant~, steep. _North_:
"Brant against Flodden Hill," explained by Nares from Ascham, "up the
steep side;" of. Brit. Bibl. i. 132, same as _brandly_?--"And
thane thay com tille wonder heghe mountaynes, and it semed as the
toppes had towched the firmament; and thir mountaynes were als
_brant_ upri3*te as thay had bene walles, so that ther was na
clymbyng upon thame," Life of Alexander, MS. Lincoln, fol. 38]; JD
[~brent~, _adj_. high, straight, upright; " My bak, that
sumtyme _brent_ hes bene, Now cruikis lyk are camok tre,"
Maitland Poems, p. 193; _followed by a discussion extending to more
than 160 lines of small print, which we forbear to quote_];
~brentest~, _superl_. S2. 13. 379 ["And bowed to A3/4e hy3*
bonk A3/4er _brentest_ hit were (MS. wern)," Allit. Poems, l. 379;
_already cited in_ MAtzner, _above_].'
The work, in fact, contains a very large collection of words, in many
variant forms, appearing in English literature and in Glossaries
between A.D. 1150 and A.D. 1580. The glossaries in S2, S3 (Specimens
of English, 1298-1393, and 1394-1579) have furnished a considerable
number of words belonging to the Scottish dialect, which most
dictionaries (excepting of course that of Jamieson) omit.
The words are so arranged that even the beginner will, in general,
easily find what he wants. We have included in one article, together
with the Main Word, all the variant spellings of the glossaries, as
well as the etymological information. We have also given in
alphabetical order numerous cross-references to facilitate the finding
of most of the variant forms, and to connect them with the Main
Word. In this way, the arrangement is at once etymological and
alphabetical--adapted to the needs of the student of the language and
of the student of the literature.
The meanings of the words are given in modern English, directly after
the Main Word. The variant forms, as given in their alphabetical
position, are frequently also explained, thus saving (in such cases)
the trouble of a cross-reference, if the meaning of the word is alone
required.
An attempt is made in most cases to give the etymology, so far at
least as to shew the immediate source of the Middle-English word.
Especial pains have been taken with the words of French origin, which
form so large a portion of the vocabulary of the Middle-English
period. In many cases the AF (Anglo-French) forms are cited, from my
list of English Words found in Anglo-French, as published for the
Philological Society in 1882.
The student of English who wishes to trace back the history of a word
still in use can, in general, find the Middle-English form in Skeat's
Etymological Dictionary, and will then be able to consult the present
work in order to obtain further instances of its early use.
The relative share of the authors in the preparation of this work is
easily explained. The whole of it in its present form (with the
exception of the letter N) was compiled, prepared, and written out for
press by Mr. Mayhew. The original plan was, however, my own; and I
began by writing out the letter N (since augmented) by way of
experiment and model. It will thus be seen that Mr. Mayhew's share of
the work has been incomparably the larger, involving all that is most
laborious. On the other hand, I may claim that much of the labour was
mine also, at a much earlier stage, as having originally compiled or
revised the glossaries marked S2, S3, C2, C3, W, W2, P, and G, as well
as the very full glossarial indexes cited as B, PP, and WA, and the
dictionary cited as SkD. The important glossary marked S was, however,
originally the work of Dr. Morris (since re-written by Mr. Mayhew),
and may, in a sense, be said to be the back-bone of the whole, from
its supplying a very large number of the most curious and important
early forms.
The material used has been carefully revised by both authors, so that
they must be held to be jointly responsible for the final form in
which the whole is now offered to the public.
NOTE ON THE PHONOLOGY OF MIDDLE-ENGLISH.
One great difficulty in finding a Middle-English word in this, or any
other, Dictionary is due to the frequent variation of the symbols
denoting the vowel-sounds. Throughout the whole of the period to which
the work relates the symbols _i_ and _y_, in particular, are
constantly interchanged, whether they stand alone, or form parts of
diphthongs. Consequently, words which are spelt with one of these
symbols in a given text must frequently be looked for as if spelt with
the other; i.e. the pairs of symbols _i_ and _y_, _ai_
and _ay_, _eA_ and _ey_, _oA_ and _oy_,
_uA_ and _uy_, must be looked upon as likely to be used
indifferently, one for the other. For further information, the student
should consult the remarks upon Phonology in the Specimens of English
(1150 to 1300), 2nd ed., p. xxv. For those who have not time or
opportunity to do this, a. few brief notes may perhaps suffice.
The following symbols are frequently confused, or are employed as
equivalent to each other because they result from the same sound in
the Oldest English or in Anglo-French:--
/* _i,y_;--_ai, ay_;--_ei, ey_;--_oi, oy_;--_ui,
uy_.
_a, o_;--_a, A|, e, ea_;--_e, eo, ie_;--_o, u, ou_;
--(all originally short).
_a, A|, ea, e, ee_;--_e, ee, eo, ie_;--_o, oo, oa_;--
_u, ou, ui_;--(all long). */
These are the most usual interchanges of symbols, and will commonly
suffice for practical purposes, in cases where the cross-references
fail. If the word be not found after such substitutions have been
allowed for, it may be taken for granted that the Dictionary does not
contain it. As a fact, the Dictionary only contains a considerable
number of such words as are most common, or (for some special reason)
deserve notice; and it is at once conceded that it is but a small
hand-book, which does not pretend to exhibit in all its fulness the
extraordinarily copious vocabulary of our language at an important
period of its history. The student wishing for complete information
will find (in course of time) that the New English Dictionary which is
being brought out by the Clarendon Press will contain all words found
in our literature since the year 1100.
Of course variations in the vowel-sounds are also introduced, in the
case of strong verbs, by the usual 'gradation' due to their method of
conjugation. To meet this difficulty in some measure, numerous (but
not exhaustive) cross-references have been introduced, as when, e.g.
'~Bar~, bare' is given, with a cross-reference to
~Beren~. Further help in this respect is to be had from the table
of 183 strong verbs given at pp. lxix-lxxxi of the Preface to Part I
of the Specimens of English (2nd edition); see, in particular, the
alphabetical index to the same, at pp. lxxxi, lxxxii. The same Preface
further contains some account of the three principal Middle-English
dialects (p. xl), and Outlines of the Grammar (p. xlv). It also
explains the meaning of the symbols A3/4, A deg. (both used for _th_), 3*
(used for _y_ initially, _gh_ medially, and _gh_ or
_z_ finally), with other necessary information.
THE CLARENDON PRESS GLOSSARIES.
This work gives _all_ the words and _every_ form contained
in the glossaries to eleven publications in the Clarendon Press
Series, as below:--
S.--SPECIMENS OF EARLY ENGLISH, ed. Morris, Part I: from A.D. 1150 to
A. D. 1300.
This book contains extracts from:--~1~. Old English Homilies,
ed. Morris, E. E. T. S. 1867-8, pp. 230-241; ~2~. The Saxon
Chronicle, A.D. 1137, 1138,1140, 1154; ~3~. Old Eng. Homilies,
ed. Morris, First Series, pp. 40-53; ~4~. The same, Second
Series, pp. 89-109; ~5~. The Ormulum, ed. White, ll. 962-1719,
pp. 31-57; ~6~. Layamon's Brut, ed. Madden, ll. 13785-14387
[_add_ 13784 _to the number of the line in the reference_];
~7~. Sawles Warde, from Old Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris, First
Series, pp. 245-249, 259-267; ~8~. St. Juliana, ed. Cockayne and
Brock; ~9~. The Ancren Riwle, ed. Morton, pp. 208-216, 416-430;
~10~. The Wooing of our Lord, from Old Eng. Homilies, ed. Morris,
First Series, pp. 277-283; ~11~. A Good Orison of our Lady, from
the same, pp. 191-199; ~12~. A Bestiary, the Lion, Eagle, and
Ant, from An Old Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris; ~13~. Old Kentish
Sermons, from the same, pp. 26-36; ~14~. Proverbs of Alfred, from
the same, pp. 102-130; ~15~. Version of Genesis and Exodus,
ed. Morris, ll.1907-2536; ~16~. Owl and Nightingale, from An Old
Eng. Miscellany, ed. Morris, ll. 1-94,139-232, 253-282, 3O3-352,
391-446, 549-555, 598-623, 659-750, 837-855, 905-920, 1635-1682,
1699-1794; ~17~. A Moral Ode (two copies), from An Old
Eng. Miscellany and Old Eng. Homilies, 2nd Series, ed. Morris;
~18~. Havelok the Dane, ed. Skeat, ll. 339-748; ~19~. King
Horn (in full).
S2.--SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH, Part II, ed. Morris and Skeat; from
A.D. 1298-1393.
This book contains extracts from:--~1~. Robert of Gloucester's
Chronicle (William the Conqueror and St. Dunstan); ~2~. Metrical
Psalter, Psalms 8, 14(15), 17(18), 23(24), 102(103), 103(104);
~3~. The Proverbs of Hendyng; ~4~. Specimens of Lyric
Poetry, ed. Wright (Alysoun, Plea for Pity, Parable of the Labourers,
Spring-time); ~5~. Robert Mannyng's Handlynge Synne, ll.
5575-5946; ~6~. William of Shoreham, De Baptismo; ~7~.
Cursor Mundi, ed. Morris, ll. 11373-11791 [_add_ 11372 _to the
number in the reference_]; ~8~. Eng. Metrical Homilies, ed.
Small (Second Sunday in Advent, Third Sunday after the Octave of
Epiphany); ~9~. The Ayenbite of Inwyt, ed. Morris, pp. 263-9, and
p. 262; ~1O~. Hampole's Prick of Conscience, ll. 432-9, 464-509,
528-555, 662-707, 728-829, 1211-1292, 1412-1473, 1818-29, 1836-51,
1884-1929, 2216-2233, 2300-11, 2334-55, 2364-73, 7813-24; ~11~.
Minot's Songs, Nos. 3, 4, 7; ~12~. William of Palerne, ed. Skeat,
ll. 3-381; ~13~. Alliterative Poems, ed. Morris, Poem B, ll.
235-544, 947-972, 1009-1051; ~14~. Mandeville's Travels,
Prologue, part of Chap. 12, and Chap. 26; ~15~. Piers the
Plowman, A-text, Prologue, Passus 1, part of Pass. 2, Pass. 3,
Pass. 5, parts of Pass. 6 and 7; ~16~. Barbour's Bruce, ed.
Skeat, Book VII. ll. 1-230, 400-487; ~17~. Wyclif's translation
of St. Mark's Gospel, Chapters 1-6; Hereford's version of the Psalms,
Ps. 14(15), 23(24), 102(103); ~18~. Trevisa's translation of
Higden's Polychronicon, lib. i. c. 41, c. 59, lib. vi. c. 29;
~19~. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale; ~20~. Gower's Confessio
Amantis, part of Book V.
S3.--SPECIMENS OF ENGLISH, Part III, ed. Skeat; from A. D. 1394-1579.
This book contains extracts from:--~1~. Pierce the Ploughman's
Crede, ll. 153-267, 339-565, 744-765, 785-823; ~2~. Hoccleve's De
Regimine Principum, stanzas 281-301, 598-628; ~3~. Lydgate,
London Lickpenny, and the Storie of Thebes, bk. ii. ll. 1064-1419;
~4~. James I (of Scotland), the King's Quair, stanzas 152-173;
~5~. Pecock's Represser, pt. i. c. 19; pt. ii. c. 11; ~6~.
Blind Harry's Wallace, bk. i. ll. 181-448; ~7~. Chevy Chase
(earlier version); ~8~. Malory's Morte Darthur, bk. xxi. c. 3-7;
~9~. Caxton's History of Troy; ~10~. The Nut-brown Maid;
~11~. Dunbar, Thistle and Rose, and Poem on being desired to be a
Friar; ~12~. Hawes, Pastime of Pleasure, c. 33; ~13~.
G. Douglas, Prol. to Aneid, book xii; ~14~. Skelton, Why Come Ye
Nat to Courte, ll. 287-382, 396-756; Philip Sparrow, ll. 998-1260;
~15~. Lord Berners, tr. of Froissart, c. 50, c. 130; ~16~.
Tyndale, Obedience of a Christian Man; ~17~. More, Dialogue
Concerning Heresies, bk. iii. c. 14-16; Confutation of Tyndale,
bk. iii; ~18~. Sir T. Elyot, The Governor, bk. i. c. 17, 18;
~19~. Lord Surrey, tr. of Aneid, bk. ii. ll. 253-382, 570-736,
and minor poems; ~2O~. Sir T. Wiat, Three Satires, and minor
poems; ~21~. Latimer, Sermon on the Ploughers; ~22~. Sir
D. Lyndesay, The Monarchy, bk. iii. ll. 4499-4612, 4663-94, 4709-38;
bk. iv. ll. 5450-5639; ~23~. N. Udall, Ralph Roister Doister, Act
iii. sc. 3-5; ~24~. Lord Buckhurst, The Induction; ~25~.
Ascham, The Schoolmaster, bk. i; ~26~. Gascoigne, The Steel Glas,
ll. 418-470, 628-638, 750-893, 1010-1179; ~27~. Lyly, Euphues and
his Ephoebus; ~28~. Spenser, Shepherd's Calendar, November,
December.
The remaining eight publications in the Clarendon Press Series which
have also been indexed are those marked C, C2, C3, W, W2, P, H, and G;
i.e. three books containing extracts from Chaucer, two books
containing parts of Wyclif's Bible, part of Piers Plowman, Hampole's
Psalter, and Gamelyn; the full titles of which are given below.
We also give all the important words occurring in CM (Chaucer, ed.
Morris); and in addition to this, and for the purpose of illustration,
forms are given from various texts and Dictionaries, and from the
Glossaries to B (Bruce), PP (Piers Plowman), and WA (Wars of
Alexander).
WALTER W. SKEAT.
FULL LIST OF AUTHORITIES,
WITH EXPLANATIONS OF ABBREVIATIONS.
NOTE.--The abbreviations referring to the authorities for the forms of
English words (AD. 1150-1580) are printed in italics. (CP = Clarendon
Press.)
1. _Alph_.: Alphita, a Medico-Botanical Glossary, ed. Mowat,
1887. CP.
2. Anglo-Saxon Gospels,in AS. and Northumbrian Versions, ed. Skeat.
3. Apfelstedt: Lothringischer Psalter (des XIV Jahrhunderts), 1881.
4. _B_: Barbour's Bruce, ed. Skeat, 1870, EETS. (Extra Series
xi).
5. _Bardsley_: English Surnames, 1875.
6. Bartsch: Chrestomathie de l'ancien franASec.ais (glossaire), 1880.
6*. BH: Bartsch and Horning, Langue et LittA(C)rature franASec.aises, 1887.
7. Bosworth: Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 1838.
8. Brachet: French Dict., 1882. CP.
9. Brugmann: Grundriss, 1886.
10. BT.: Bosworth-Toller AS. Dict. [A-SAR]. CP.
11. _C_: Chaucer; Prol., Knight's Tale, Nun's Priest's Tale. CP.
12. _C_2: Chaucer; Prioress, Sir Thopas, Monk, Clerk, Squire. CP.
13. _C_3: Chaucer; Man of Law, Pardoner, Second Nun, Canon's
Yeoman. CP.
14. _Cath_.: Catholicon Anglicum (A.D. 83), ed. Herrtage,
141881. EETS (75).
15. Chron.: Two Saxon Chronicles, ed. Earle, 1865. CP.
16. _CM_: Chaucer, ed. Morris, 1880.
17. Constans: Chrestomathie de l'ancien franASec.ais (glossaire), 1884.
18. Cotg.: Cotgrave, French and English Dict., 1611.
19. Curtius: Greek Etymology, ed. Wilkins and England, 1886.
20. CV: Icelandic Dictionary, Cleasby and Vigfusson, 1874. CP.
21. _DG_: Davies, Supplementary English Glossary, 1881.
22. Diez: Etymologisches WArterbuch, 1878.
23. Douse: Introduction to the Gothic of Ulfilas, 1886.
24. Ducange: Glossarium, ed. Henschel, 1883-7.
24*. Ducange: Glossaire FranASec.ais, ed. 1887.
25. _EDS_: English Dialect Society.
26. _EETS_: Early English Text Society.
27. Fick: WArterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen, 1874.
28. Florio: Italian and English Dict., 1611.
29. _G_: Tale of Gamelyn, ed. Skeat, 1884. CP.
30. Godefroy: Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue franASec.aise [A-LIS].
31. Grein: Glossar der angelsAchsischen Poesie, 1861.
32. Grimm: Teutonic Mythology, ed. Stallybrass, 1883.
33. _H_: Hampole, Psalter, ed. Bramley, 1884. CP.
34. _HD_: Halliwell, Dict. of Archaic and Provincial Words, 1874.
35. Heliand, ed. Heyne, 1873.
36. _JD_: Jamieson, Scottish Dictionary, 1867.
37. Kluge: etymologisches WArterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 1883.