No Defense, Complete - Gilbert Parker
"What the end would have been I don't know. It was you that solved the
problem, not them. You looked at the first man of them hard. Then you got
to your feet.
"'Michael,' says you quietly, 'I'm goin' to sea. England's at war, and
there's work to do. So let's make for a king's ship, and have done with
misery and poverty.'
"Then you waved a hand to the man in command of the recruitin' gang, and
presently stepped up to him and his friends.
"'Sir,' I said to you, 'I'm not going to be pressed into the navy.'
"'There's no pressin', Michael,' you answered. 'We'll be quota men. We'll
do it for cash--for forty pounds each, and no other. You let them have
you as you are. But if you don't want to come,' you added, 'it's all the
same to me.'
"Faith, I knew that was only talk. I knew you wanted me. Also I knew the
king's navy needed me, for men are hard to get. So, when they'd paid us
the cash--forty pounds apiece--I stepped in behind you, and here we
are--here we are! Forty pounds apiece--equal to three years' wages of an
ordinary recruit of the army. It ain't bad, but we're here for three
years, and no escape from it. Yes, here we are!"
Dyck laughed.
"Aye, here we're likely to remain, Michael. There's only this to be
said--we'll be fighting the French soon, and it's easy to die in the
midst of a great fight. If we don't die, Michael, something else will
turn up, maybe."
"That's true, sir! They'll make an officer of you, once they see you
fight. This is no place for you, among the common herd. It's the dregs o'
the world that comes to the ship's bottom in time of peace or war."
"Well, I'm the dregs of the world, Michael. I'm the supreme dregs."
Somehow the letter from Virginia had decided Dyck Calhoun's fate for him.
Here he was--at sea, a common sailor in the navy. He and Michael Clones
had eaten and drunk as sailors do, and they had realized that, as they
ate and drank on the River Thames, they would not eat and drink on the
watery fairway. They had seen the tank foul with age, from which water
was drawn for men who could not live without it, and the smell of it had
revolted Dyck's senses. They had seen the kegs of pickled meat, and they
had been told of the evil rations given to the sailors at sea.
The Ariadne had been a flag-ship in her day, the home of an admiral and
his staff. She carried seventy-four guns, was easily obedient to her
swift sail, and had a reputation for gallantry. From the first hour on
board, Dyck Calhoun had fitted in; with a discerning eye he had
understood the seamen's needs and the weaknesses of the system.
The months he had spent between his exit from prison and his entrance
into the Ariadne had roughened, though not coarsened, his outward
appearance. From his first appearance among the seamen he had set himself
to become their leader. His enlistment was for three years, and he meant
that these three should prove the final success of this naval enterprise,
or the stark period in a calendar of tragedy.
The life of the sailor, with its coarseness and drudgery, its inadequate
pay, its evil-smelling food, its maggoty bread, its beer drawn from casks
that once had held oil or fish, its stinking salt-meat barrels, the
hideous stench of the bilge-water--all this could in one sense be no
worse than his sufferings in jail. In spite of self-control, jail had
been to him the degradation of his hopes, the humiliation of his manhood.
He had suffered cold, dampness, fever, and indigestion there, and it had
sapped the fresh fibre of life in him. His days in London had been cruel.
He had sought work in great commercial concerns, and had almost been
grateful when rejected. When his money was stolen, there seemed nothing
to do, as he said to Michael Clones, but to become a footpad or a pirate.
Then the stormy doors of the navy had opened wide to him; and as many a
man is tempted into folly or crime by tempestuous nature, so he, forlorn,
spiritually unkempt, but physically and mentally well-composed, in a
spirit of bravado, flung himself into the bowels of the fleet.
From the moment Dyck arrived on board the Ariadne he was a marked man.
Ferens, a disfranchised solicitor, who knew his story, spread the
unwholesome truth about him among the ship's people, and he received
attentions at once offensive and flattering. The best-educated of the
ship's hands approached him on the grievances with which the whole navy
was stirring.
Something had put a new spirit into the life of his majesty's ships; it
was, in a sense, the reflection of the French Revolution and Tom Paine's
Age of Reason. What the Americans had done in establishing a republic,
what France was doing by her revolution, got into the veins and minds of
some men in England, but it got into the veins and minds of the sailor
first; for, however low his origin, he had intercourse not given to the
average landsman. He visited foreign ports, he came in touch with other
elements than those of British life and character.
Of all the ships in the navy the Ariadne was the best that Dyck Calhoun
could have entered. Her officers were humane and friendly, yet firm; and
it was quite certain that if mutiny came they would be treated well. The
agitation on the Ariadne in support of the grievances of the sailors was
so moderate that, from the first, Dyck threw in his lot with it. Ferens,
the former solicitor, first came to him with a list of proposals, which
only repeated the demands made by the agitators at Spithead.
"You're new among us," said Ferens to Dyck. "You don't quite know what
we've been doing, I suppose. Some of us have been in the navy for two
years, and some for ten. There are men on this ship who could tell you
stories that would make your blood run cold--take my word for it. There's
a lot of things goin' on that oughtn't to be goin' on. The time has come
for reform. Have a look at this paper, and tell me what you think."
Dyck looked at the pockmarked face of Ferens, whose record in the courts
was a bad one, and what he saw did not disgust him. It was as though
Ferens had stumbled and been badly hit in his fall, but there were no
signs of permanent evil in his countenance. He was square-headed,
close-cropped, clear-eyed, though his face was yellow where it was not
red, and his tongue was soft in his head.
Dyck read the paper slowly and carefully. Then he handed it back without
a word.
"Well, what have you got to say?" asked Ferens. "Nothing? Don't you think
that's a strong list of grievances and wrongs?"
Dyck nodded. "Yes, it's pretty strong," he said, and he held up his hand.
"Number One, wages and cost of living. I'm sure we're right there. Cost
of living was down in King Charles's time, and wages were down
accordingly. Everything's gone up, and wages should go up. Number Two,
the prize-money scandal. I'm with you there. I don't see why an officer
should get two thousand five hundred times as much as a seaman. There
ought to be a difference, but not so much. Number Three, the food ought
to be better; the water ought to be better. We can't live on rum, maggoty
bread, and foul water--that's sure. The rum's all right; it's powerful
natural stuff, but we ought to have meat that doesn't stink, and bread
that isn't alive. What's more, we ought to have lots of lime-juice, or
there's no protection for us when we're out at sea with the best meat
taken by the officers and the worst left to us; and with foul water and
rotten food, there's no hope or help. But, if we're going in for this
sort of thing, we ought to do it decently. We can't slap a government in
the mouth, and we can't kick an admiral without paying heavy for it in
the end. If it's wholesome petitioning you're up to, I'm with you; but
I'm not if there's to be knuckle-dusting."
Ferens shrugged a shoulder.
"Things are movin', and we've got to take our stand now when the time is
ripe for it, or else lose it for ever. Over at Spithead they're gettin'
their own way. The government are goin' to send the Admiralty Board down
here, because our admiral say to them that it won't be safe goin' unless
they do."
"And what are we going to do here?" asked Dyck. "What's the game of the
fleet at the Nore?"
Ferens replied in a low voice:
"Our men are goin' to send out petitions--to the Admiralty and to the
House of Commons."
"Why don't you try Lord Howe?"
"He's not in command of a fleet now. Besides, petitions have been sent
him, and he's taken no notice."
"Howe? No notice--the best admiral we ever had! I don't believe it,"
declared Dyck savagely. "Why, the whole navy believes in Howe. They
haven't forgotten what he did in '94. He's as near to the seaman as the
seaman is to his mother. Who sent the petitions to him?"
"They weren't signed by names--they were anonymous."
Dyck laughed.
"Yes, and all written by the same hand, I suppose." Ferens nodded.
"I think that's so."
"Can you wonder, then, that Lord Howe didn't acknowledge them? But I'm
still sure he acted promptly. He's a big enough friend of the sailor to
waste no time before doing his turn."
Ferens shook his head morosely.
"That may be," he said; "but the petitions were sent weeks ago, and
there's no sign from Lord Howe. He was at Bath for gout. My idea is he
referred them to the admiral commanding at Portsmouth, and was told that
behind the whole thing is conspiracy--French socialism and English
politics. I give you my word there's no French agent in the fleet, and if
there were, it wouldn't have any effect. Our men's grievances are not
new. They're as old as Cromwell."
Suddenly a light of suspicion flashed into Ferens's face.
"You're with us, aren't you? You see the wrongs we've suffered, and how
bad it all is! Yet you haven't been on a voyage with us. You've only
tasted the life in harbour. Good God, this life is heaven to what we have
at sea! We don't mind the fightin'. We'd rather fight than eat." An evil
grin covered his face for a minute. "Yes, we'd rather fight than eat, for
the stuff we get to eat is hell's broil, God knows! Did you ever think
what the life of the sailor is, that swings at the top of a mast with the
frost freezin' his very soul, and because he's slow, owin' to the cold,
gets twenty lashes for not bein' quicker? Well, I've seen that, and a bad
sight it is. Did you ever see a man flogged? It ain't a pretty sight.
First the back takes the click of the whip like a damned washboard, and
you see the ridges rise and go purple and red, and the man has his breath
knocked clean out of him with every blow. Nearly every stroke takes off
the skin and draws the blood, and a dozen will make the back a ditch of
murder. Then the whipper stops, looks at the lashes, feels them tender
like, and out and down it comes again. When all the back is ridged and
scarred, the flesh, that looked clean and beautiful, becomes a bloody
mass. Some men get a hundred lashes, and that's torture and death.
"A man I knew was flogged told me once that the first blow made his flesh
quiver in every nerve from his toe-nails to his finger-nails, and stung
his heart as if a knife had gone through his body. There was agony in his
lungs, and the time between each stroke was terrible, and yet the next
came too soon. He choked with the blood from his tongue, lacerated with
his teeth, and from his lungs, and went black in the face. I saw his
back. It looked like roasted meat; yet he had only had eighty strokes.
"The punishments are bad. Runnin' the gauntlet is one of them. Each
member of the crew is armed with three tarry rope-yarns, knotted at the
ends. Then between the master-at-arms with a drawn sword and two
corporals with drawn swords behind, the thief, stripped to the waist, is
placed. The thing is started by a boatswain's mate givin' him a dozen
lashes. Then he's slowly marched down the double line of men, who flog
him as he passes, and at the end of the line he receives another dose of
the cat from the boatswain's mate. The poor devil's body and head are
flayed, and he's sent to hospital and rubbed with brine till he's healed.
"But the most horrible of all is flogging through the fleet. That's given
for strikin' an officer, or tryin' to escape. It's a sickenin' thing. The
victim is lashed by his wrists to a capstan-bar in the ship's long-boat,
and all the ship's boats are lowered also, and each ship in harbour sends
a boat manned by marines to attend. Then, with the master-at-arms and the
ship's surgeon, the boat is cast off. The boatswain's mate begins the
floggin', and the boat rows away to the half-minute bell, the drummer
beatin' the rogue's march. From ship to ship the long-boat goes, and the
punishment of floggin' is repeated. If he faints, he gets wine or rum, or
is taken back to his ship to recover. When his back is healed he goes out
to get the rest of his sentence. Very few ever live through it, or if
they do it's only for a short time. They'd better have taken the hangin'
that was the alternative. Even a corpse with its back bare of flesh to
the bone has received the last lashes of a sentence, and was then buried
in the mud of the shore with no religious ceremony.
"Mind you, there's many a man gets fifty lashes that don't deserve them.
There's many men in the fleet that's stirred to anger at ill-treatment,
until now, in these days, the whole lot is ready to see the thing
through--to see the thing through--by heaven and by hell!"
The pockmarked face had taken on an almost ghastly fervour, until it
looked like a distorted cartoon-vindictive, fanatical; but Dyck, on the
edge of the river of tragedy, was not ready to lose himself in the stream
of it.
As he looked round the ship he felt a stir of excitement like nothing he
had ever known, though he had been brought up in a country where men were
by nature revolutionists, and where the sword was as often outside as
inside the scabbard. There was something terrible in a shipboard
agitation not to be found in a land-rising. On land there were a thousand
miles of open country, with woods and houses, caves and cliffs, to which
men could flee for hiding; and the danger of rebellion was less dominant.
At sea, a rebellion was like some beastly struggle in one room, beyond
the walls of which was everlasting nothingness. The thing had to be
fought out, as it were, man to man within four walls, and God help the
weaker!
"How many ships in the fleet are sworn to this agitation?" Dyck asked
presently.
"Every one. It's been like a spread of infection; it's entered at every
door, looked out of every window. All the ships are in it, from the
twenty-six-hundred-tonners to the little five-hundred-and-fifty-tonners.
Besides, there are the Delegates."
He lowered his voice as he used these last words. "Yes, I know," Dyck
answered, though he did not really know. "But who is at the head?"
"Why, as bold a man as can be--Richard Parker, an Irishman. He was once a
junior naval officer, and left the navy and went into business; now he is
a quotaman, and leads the mutiny. Let me tell you that unless there's a
good round answer to what we demand, the Nore fleet'll have it out with
the government. He's a man of character, is Richard Parker, and the
fleet'll stand by him."
"How long has he been at it?" asked Dyck.
"Oh, weeks and weeks! It doesn't all come at once, the grip of the thing.
It began at Spithead, and it worked right there; and now it's workin' at
the Nore, and it'll work and work until there isn't a ship and there
isn't a man that won't be behind the Delegates. Look. Half the seamen on
this ship have tasted the inside of a jail; and the rest come from the
press-gang, and what's left are just the ragged ends of street corners.
But"--and here the man drew himself up with a flush--"but there's none of
us that wouldn't fight to the last gasp of breath for the navy that since
the days of Elizabeth has sailed at the head of all the world. Don't
think we mean harm to the fleet. We mean to do it good. All we want is
that its masters shall remember we're human flesh and blood; that we're
as much entitled to good food and drink on sea as on land; and that, if
we risk our lives and shed our blood, we ought to have some share in the
spoils. We're a great country and we're a great people, but, by God,
we're not good to our own! Look at them there."
He turned and waved a hand to the bowels of the ship where sailors traded
with the slop-sellers, or chaffered with women, or sat in groups and
sang, or played rough games which had no vital meaning; while here and
there in groups, with hands gesticulating, some fanatics declared their
principles. And the principles of every man in the Nore fleet so far were
embraced in the four words--wages, food, drink, prize-money.
Presently Ferens stopped short. "Listen!" he said.
There was a cry from the ship's side not far away, and then came little
bursts of cheering.
"By Heaven, it's the Delegates comin' here!" he said. He held up a
warning palm, as though commanding silence, while he listened intently.
"Yes, it's the Delegates. Now look at that crowd of seamen!" He swung his
hand towards the bowels of the ship. Scores of men were springing to
their feet. Presently there came a great shouting and cheers, and then
four new faces appeared on deck. They were faces of intelligence, but one
of them had the enlightened look of leadership.
"By Judas, it's our leader, Richard Parker!" declared Ferens.
What Dyck now saw was good evidence of the progress of the agitation.
There were officers of the Ariadne to be seen, but they wisely took no
notice of the breaches of regulation which followed the arrival of the
Delegates. Dyck saw Ferens speak to Richard Parker after the men had been
in conference with Parker and the Delegates, and then turn towards
himself. Richard Parker came to him.
"We are fellow countrymen," he said genially. "I know your history. We
are out to make the navy better--to get the men their rights. I
understand you are with us?"
Dyck bowed. "I will do all possible to get reforms in wages and food put
through, sir."
"That's good," said Parker. "There are some petitions you can draft, and
some letters also to the Admiralty and to the Houses of Lords and
Commons."
"I am at your service," said Dyck.
He saw his chance to secure influence on the Ariadne, and also to do good
to the service. Besides, he felt he might be able to check the worst
excesses of the agitation, if he got power under Parker. He was free from
any wish for mutiny, but he was the friend of an agitation which might
end as successfully as the trouble at Spithead.
CHAPTER XIII
TO THE WEST INDIES
A fortnight later the mutiny at the Nore shook and bewildered the British
Isles. In the public journals and in Parliament it was declared that this
outbreak, like that at Spithead, was due partly to political strife, but
more extensively to agents of revolution from France and Ireland.
The day after Richard Parker visited the Ariadne the fleet had been put
under the control of the seamen's Delegates, who were men of standing in
the ships, and of personal popularity. Their first act was to declare
that the fleet should not leave port until the men's demands were
satisfied.
The King, Prime Minister, and government had received a shock greater
than that which had come with the announcement of American independence.
The government had armed the forts at Sheerness, had sent troops and guns
to Gravesend and Tilbury, and had declared war upon the rebellious fleet.
At the head of the Delegates, Richard Parker, with an officer's
knowledge, became a kind of bogus admiral, who, in interview with the
real admirals and the representatives of the Admiralty Board, talked like
one who, having power, meant to use it ruthlessly. The government had
yielded to the Spithead mutineers, giving pardon to all except the
ringleaders, and granting demands for increased wages and better food,
with a promise to consider the question of prize-money; but the Nore
mutineers refused to accept that agreement, and enlarged the Spithead
demands. Admiral Buckner arrived on board his flag-ship, the Sandwich,
without the deference due to an admiral, and then had to wait three hours
for Parker and the Delegates on the quarter-deck. At the interview that
followed, while apologizing to the admiral for his discourtesy, Parker
wore his hat as quasi-admiral of the fleet. The demands of the Delegates
were met by reasoning on the part of Buckner, but without effect: for the
seamen of the Nore believed that what Spithead could get by obstinacy the
Nore could increase by contumacy; and it was their firm will to bring the
Lords of the Admiralty to their knees.
The demands of the Nore Delegates, however, were rejected by the
Admiralty, and with the rejection two regiments of militia came from
Canterbury to reinforce the Sheerness garrison. The mutineers were
allowed to parade the town, so long as their conduct was decent, as
Admiral Buckner admitted it to be; but Parker declared that the presence
of the militia was an insult to the seamen in the Nore fleet.
Then ensued the beginning of the terror. When Buckner presented the
Admiralty's refusal to deal with the Delegates, there came quick
response. The reply of the mutineers was to row into Sheerness harbour
and take away with them eight gunboats lying there, each of which fired a
shot at the fort, as if to announce that the mutineers were now the
avowed enemies of the government.
Thereupon the rebels ordered all their ships together at the Great Nore,
ranging them into two crescents, with the newly acquired gunboats at the
flanks. The attitude of the authorities gave the violent mutineers their
opportunity. Buckner's flag was struck from the mainmast-head of the
Sandwich, and the red flag was hoisted in its place.
The Delegates would not accept an official pardon for their mutiny
through Buckner. They demanded a deputation from the Admiralty, Parker
saying that no accommodation could occur without the appearance of the
Lords of the Admiralty at the Nore. Then followed threatening
arrangements, and the Delegates decided to blockade the Thames and the
Medway.
It was at this time that Dyck Calhoun--who, by consent of Richard Parker,
had taken control of the Ariadne--took action which was to alter the
course of his own life and that of many others.
Since the beginning of the mutiny he had acted with decision, judgment,
and strength. He had agreed to the Ariadne joining the mutinous ships,
and he had skilfully constructed petitions to the Admiralty, the House of
Commons, and the King. His habit of thought, his knowledge of life, made
him a power. He believed that the main demands of the seamen were just,
and he made a useful organization to enforce them. It was only when he
saw the mutineers would not accept the terms granted to the Spithead
rebels that a new spirit influenced him.
He had determined to get control of the Ariadne. His gift as a speaker
had conquered his fellow-sailors, and the fact that he was an ex-convict
gave them confidence that he was no friend of the government.
One of the first things he did, after securing his own pre-eminence on
the ship, was to get the captain and officers safely ashore. This he did
with skill, and the crew of the ship even cheered them as they left.
None of the regular officers of the Ariadne were left upon her, except
Greenock, the master of the ship, whose rank was below that of
lieutenant, and whose duties were many and varied under the orders of the
captain. Greenock chose to stay, though Dyck said he could go if he
wished. Greenock's reply was that it was his duty to stay, if the ship
was going to remain at sea, for no one else could perform his duties or
do his work.
Then, by vote, Dyck became captain of the ship. He did not, however, wear
a captain's uniform--blue coat, with white cuffs, flat gold buttons; with
lace at the neck, a white-sleeved waistcoat, knee-breeches, white silk
stockings, and a three-cornered black hat edged with gold lace and
ornamented with a cockade; with a black cravat, a straight dress sword, a
powdered cue tied with a black-silk ribbon, and epaulets of heavy gold
stuff completing the equipment. Dyck, to the end of his career at sea,
wore only the common seaman's uniform.
Dyck would not have accepted the doubtful honour had he not had long
purposes in view. With Ferens, Michael Clones, and two others whom Ferens
could trust, a plan was arranged which Dyck explained to his
fellow-seamen on the Ariadne.
"We've come to the parting of the ways, brothers," he said. "We've all
become liable to death for mutiny. The pardon offered by the King has
been refused, and fresh demands are made. There, I think, a real wrong
has been done by our people. The Ariadne is well supplied with food and
water. It is the only ship with sufficiency. And why? Because at the
beginning we got provisions from the shore in time; also we got
permission from Richard Parker to fill our holds from two stopped
merchant-ships. Well, the rest of the fleet know what our food and drink
fitment is. They know how safe we are, and to-day orders have come to
yield our provisions to the rest of the fleet. That is, we, who have
taken time by the forelock, must yield up our good gettings to bad
receivers. I am not prepared to do it.