The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, - Richard Hakluyt
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The custome of Ormuz is eleuen in the 100, to say, 10 for the king, and 1
for the arming of the foists: but for small wares as glasses, and looking
glasses of all sorts, and such like, made for apparell, pay no custome. But
cloth of Wooll, Karsies, Mockaires, Chamlets, and all sortes of Silke,
Saffron, and such like, pay custome, being esteemed reasonably.
There is also another custome, which they call caida, which is, that one
bringing his goods into Ormuz, with purpose to send the same further into
India, the same are bound to pay 3 by the 100, but none other are bound to
pay this custome, except the Armenians, Moores, and Iewes: for the
Portugals and Venetians pay nothing thereof.
Note that in Ormuz they abate tare of all sorts of commodities, by an order
obserued of custome.
The fraight from Ormuz to Chaul, Goa, and Cochin, is as followeth:
Mokaires, larines 6 per table of 60 pikes. Aquariosa 8 larines by ordinarie
chist, raisins 10 by chist, which is a quintall of roues 128. Ruuia of
Chalangi larines 10 per quintall, glasses larines 8 per chist, of 4 foote
and a halfe, glasses in great chists 14 and 15 larines by chist. Small
wares larines 12 by chist of fiue foot. Tamari for Maschat sadines 2 and a
half, and 3 by the fardle. Tamarie for Diu and Chaul 4 sadines, and 4 and a
halfe by bale. Other drugs and things which come from Persia pay according
to the greatnesse of the bales.
The fraight mentioned, they pay as appeareth, when they ship the sayd goods
in ships where horses goe: otherwise not hauing horses, they pay somewhat
lesse, because of the custom which they are to pay.
The vse of the India ships is, that the patrones thereof are not at any
charge neither with any passenger, not yet with any mariner in the ship,
but that euery one at the beginning of the voyage doe furnish to maintaine
his owne table (if he will eate) and for drinke they haue a great iarre of
water, which is garded with great custodie.
GOA.
The weight, measure, and mony currant in Goa.
The quintall of Goa is 5 manas, and 8 larines, and the mana is 24 rotilos,
so that the quintall of Goa is 128 rot. and euery rot. is 16 ounces, which
is of Venice weight 1 li. and a halfe, so that the quintall of Goa is 192
li. sotile Venice, which is 26 rotiloes 8 ounces Aleppine, and of London
weight 132 li. English, as the weight of Ormuz.
All the marchandize, spices and drugs, are sold by this quintal, except
some drugs, as lignum de China, Galanga, and others, whereof they bargaine
at so much per candill, aduertising that there be two sorts of candill, one
of 16 manas, the other of 20 manas, that of 16 manas commeth to be iust 3
quintals, and that of 26 manas, 3 quintals, 3 roues. Note that 4 roues make
a quintall, and the roue is 32 rotiloes, as in Ormuz.
There is also another weight which they call Marco, which is eight ounces
or halfe a rotilo of Goa, and 9 ounces of Venice sotile: with this they
weigh amber, corall, muske, ambracan, ciuet, and other fine wares.
There is also another sort of weight called Mangiallino, which is 5 graines
of Venice weight and therewith they weigh diamants and other iewels.
[Sidenote: Muske of Tartarie by the way of China.] Note that in Goa they
vse not to abate any tare of any goods, except of sacks or wraps, and
therefore it requireth great aduisement in buying of the goods, especially
in the muske of Tartaria which commeth by way of China in bladders, and so
weigh it without any tare rebating.
The measure of Goa is called a tode, which encreaseth vpon the measure of
Babylon and Balsara after the rate of 17 and one eight part by the 100, so
that bringing 100 pikes of any measurable ware from thence to Goa, it is
found 117 pikes 7 eight parts, and bringing 100 codes from Ormuz to Goa,
there is found but 93 codes and one fourth part.
There is also the vare in Goa, which is iust as the vare of Ormuz, and
therewith they measure onely things that are of small value.
For the mony of Goa, there is a kind of mony made of lead and tin mingled,
being thicke and round, and stamped on the one side with a spheare or globe
of the world, and on the other side two arrowes and 5 rounds: and this kind
of mony is called Basaruchi, and 15 of these make a vinton of naughty mony,
and 5 vintons make a tanga, and 4 vintenas make a tanga of base money: so
that the tanga of base mony is 60 basaruchies, and the tanga of good mony
75. basaruchies, and 5 tangas make a seraphine of gold, which in
merchandize is worth 5 tangas good money: but if one would change them into
basaruchies, he may haue 5 tangas, and 16 basaruchies, which ouerplus they
cal cerafagio, and when they bargain of the pardaw of gold, each pardaw is
ment to be 6 tangas good mony, but in merchandise they vse not to demaund
pardawes of gold in Goa, except it be for iewels and horses, for all the
rest they take of seraphines of siluer, per aduiso.
The roials of plate, I say, the roial of 8 are worth per custome and
commandement of the king of Portugall 400 reies, and euery rey is one
basaruchie and one fourth part, which maketh tangas 6, and 53 basaruchies
as their iust value, but for that the said roials are excellent siluer and
currant in diuers places of the India, and chiefly in Malacca, when the
ships are to depart at their due times (called Monsons) euery one to haue
the said roials pay more then they are worth, and the ouerplus, as is
abouesaid they call serafagio. And first they giue the iust value of the
100 roials of 8, at 5 tangas 50 basaruchies a piece, which done, they giue
seraphins 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, vntill 22 by the 100, according as
they are in request.
The ducket of gold is worth 9 tangas and a halfe good money, and yet not
stable in price, for that when the ships depart from Goa to Cochin, they
pay them at 9 tangas and 3 fourth partes, and 10 tangas, and that is the
most that they are woorth.
The larines are woorth by iust value basaruchies 93 and 3 fourth parts, and
4 larines make a seraphine of siluer, which is 5 tangas of good money, and
these also haue serafagion of 6, 7, 8, 10, vntill 16, by the hundred, for
when the ships depart for the North, to say, for Chaul, Diu, Cambaia, or
Bassaim, all cary of the same, because it is money more currant then any
other.
There is also a sort of seraphins of gold of the stampe of Ormuz, whereof
there are but fewe in Goa, but being there, they are woorth fiue larines
and somewhat more, according as they are in request.
There is also another litle sort of mony, round, hauing on the one side a
crosse, and on the other side a crowne, which is woorth one halfe a tanga
of good money, and another of the same stampe lesse than that which they
call Imitiuo de buona moneda, which is worth 18 basaruches 3 fourth parts a
piece.
Note that if a man bargaine in marchandize, it behooueth to demaund tangas
of good money: for by nominating tangas onely, is vnderstood to be base
money of 60 basaruches, which wanteth of the good money vt supra.
The custome of Goa is 8 in the 100 inwards, and as much outward, and the
goods are esteemed iustly rather to the marchants aduantage then the kings.
The custome they pay in this order. Comming with a ship from Ormuz to Goa
without horses, they pay 8 in the 100 whether they sell part or all, but if
they would carie of the sayd marchandise to any other place, they pay none
other custome, except others buy it and carie it foorth of the countrey,
and then they pay it 8 in the 100. And if one hauing paied the custome
should sell to another with composition to passe it forth as for his proper
accounts to saue the custome, this may not be, because the seller is put to
his oth, whether he send the goods for his owne account, or for the account
of any others that haue bought the same, and being found to the contrary
they pay custome as abouesaid. And in this order the marchants pay of all
the goods which come from any part of the Indies. But if they come from
Ormuz to Goa with horses, they are not subiect to pay any custome inward,
notwithstanding if they send all or any part thereof for any other place,
or returne it to Ormuz, they pay the custome outward, although they could
not sell.
They vse also in Goa amongst the common sort to bargaine for coales, wood,
lime, and such like, at so many braganines, accounting 24 basaruches for
one braganine, albeit there is no such mony stamped. The custome of the
Portugals is, that any Moore or Gentile, of what condition or state soeuer
he be, may not depart from Goa to go within the land, without licence of
certaine deputies deputed for that office, who (if they be Moores or
Gentiles) doe set a seale vpon the arme, hauing thereon the armes of
Portugal, to be knowen of the porters of the citie, whether they haue the
said licence or no.
COCHIN.
The weight, measure, and money, currant in Cochin.
All the marchandise which they sell or buy within the sayd citie, they
bargaine for at so many serafines per quintal, which is 128. rotilos of
iust weight, with the quintal and rotilo of Goa and Ormuz: aduertising that
there are diuers sorts of bars according to the sorts of commodities, and
in traffiquing, they reason at so much the bar. Note that there are bars of
3 quintals and 3 quintals and halfe, and 4 quintals. They abate a vsed tare
of all marchandize, according to the sort of goods, and order taken for the
same.
The measure of Goa and Cochin are all one.
The money of Cochin are all the same sorts which are currant in Goa, but
the duckat of gold in value is 10 tangas of good money.
The custome of Cochin as wel inward as outward for all strangers is eight
in the hundred, but those that haue bene married foure yeere in the
countrey pay but foure in the hundred, per aduiso.
MALACCA.
The weight, measure, and money of Malacca.
For the marchandise bought and sold in the citie they reckon at so much the
barre, which barre is of diuers sorts, great and small, according to the
ancient custome of the said citie, and diuersitie of the goods. But for the
cloues they bargaine at so much the barre, which barre is 3 quintals, 2
roues and 10 rotilos. As I haue abouesaid, all kind of drugs haue their
sorts of barres limited. Note that euery quintal is 4 roues, and euery roue
32 rotilos, which is 128 rotilos the quintall, the which answereth to
Aleppo 95 rotilos, and to London 472 li. per quintal.
The measures of Malacca are as the measures of Goa. In Malacca they abate
tare according to their distinction and agreement, for that there is no
iust tare limited.
For the money of Malacca, the least money currant is of tinne stamped with
the armes of Portugall, and 12 of these make a Chazza.
The Chazza is also of tinne with the said armes, and 2. of these make a
challaine.
The Challaine is of tinne with the said armes, and 40 of these make a tanga
of Goa good money, but not stamped in Malacca.
There is also a sort of siluer money which they call Patachines, and is
worth 6 tangas of good money, which is 360 reyes, and is stamped with two
letters, S. T. which is S. Thomas on the one side, and the armes of
Portugall on the other side.
There is also a kind of mony called Cruzados stamped with the
atmes of Portugall, and is worth 6 tangas good mony, the larines
are euery 9 of them worth 2 cruzados, which is 12 tangas good
mony, and these larines be of those which are stamped in Balsara
and Ormuz.
The roials of 8 they call Pardaos de Reales, and are worth 7 tangas of good
money.
The custome of Malacca is 10 in the 100 as wel inward as outward, and those
which pay the custome inwards, if in case they send the same goods for any
other place within terme of a yeere and a day, pay no custome for the same.
A note of charges from Aleppo to Goa, as foloweth.
For camels from Aleppo to Birrha. Medines 60 per somme.[A]
For mules from Aleppo to Birrha, med. 45. per somme.
For custome at Birrha, med. 10. per somme.
For Auania of the Cady at Birrha, med. 200.
For 4 dishes raisins, and 20 pounds sope, med. 35.
For a present to the Ermine the summe of med. 400.
For a barke of 30 or 35 sommes. Duc. 60 is med. 2400. per barke.
For meat for the men the summe of med. 200.
For custome at Racca the summe of med. 5. per somme.
For 3 platters of raisins, and 15 pounds of sope, med. 25.
For custome to king Aborissei, Duc. 20 is med. 800
For custome at Dea the summe of med. 230. per barke
For 4 dishes raisins, and 20 pounds of sope, med. 35.
For custom at Bosara, the summe of med. 10. per barke.
For 2 dishes raisins, and 10 pound of sope, med. 17.
For custome in Anna, in 10 per summe, med. 10. per somme.
For 4 dishes of raisins and 20 pound of sope, med. 35.
For custome in Adite, medines 10 per barke, med. 10. per barke.
For 2 dishes raisins, and 10 pound of sope, med. 17.
For custome at Gweke, med. 10. per barke.
For 2 dishes raisins, and 20 pound of sope, med. 17.
For custome at Ist, med. 10. per somme.
For 4 platters raisins, and 20 pound of sope, med. 35.
Charges of presents at Felugia, med. 30.
For camels from Felugia to Babylon, med. 30. per somme.
For custome in Babylon, as in the booke appeareth.
For a barke from Babylon to Balsara, med. 900.
For custome of small wares, at Corno med. 20. per somme.
For custome of clothes at Corno, the summe of med. per somme.
For 3 dishes raisins, and 20 pound of sope, med. 26.
For fraight from Balsara to Ormus, according to the greatnesse, as in this
booke appeareth.
For custome in Ormus, as is abouesaid in this booke.
For fraight from Ormus to Goa, as is in this booke shewed.
For custome in Goa, as is abouesaid.
[A: Or, by the Camels burden.]
A declaration of the places from whence the goods subscribed doe come.
Cloues, from Maluco, Tarenate, Amboina, by way of Iaua.
Nutmegs, from Banda.
Maces from Banda, Iaua, and Malacca.
Pepper Gawrie, from Cochin.
Pepper common from Malabar.
Sinnamon, from Seilan.
Tinne, from Malacca.
Sandals wilde, from Cochin.
Sandales domestick, from Malacca.
Verzini, from S. Thomas, and from China.
Spicknard from Zindi, and Lahor.
Quicksiluer, from China.
Galls, from Cambaia, Bengala, Istria and Syria.
Ginger Dabulin, from Dabul.
Ginger Belledin, from the Countrie within Cambaia.
Gmger Sorattin, from Sorat within Cambaia.
Ginger Mordassi, from Mordas within Cambaia.
Ginger Meckin, from Mecca.
Mirabolans of all sorts, from Cambaia.
White sucket, from Zindia, Cambaia, and China.
Corcunia, from diuers places of India.
Corall of Leuant, from Malabar.
Chomin, from Balsara.
Requitria, from Arabia Felix.
Garble of Nutmegs from Banda.
Sal Armoniacke, from Zindi and Cambaia.
Zedoari, from diuers places of India.
Cubeb, from China.
Amomum, from China.
Camphora, from Brimeo neere to China.
Myrrha, from Arabia Felix.
Costo dulce, from Zinde, and Cambaia.
Borazo, from Cambaia, and Lahor.
Asa fetida, from Lahor.
Waxe, from Bengala.
Seragni, from Persia.
Cassia, from Cambaia, and from Gran Cayro.
Storax calamita, from Rhodes, to say, from Aneda, and Canemarie within
Caramania.
Storax liquida, from Rhodes.
Tutia, from Persia.
Cagiers, from Malabar, and Maldiua.
Ruuia to die withall, from Chalangi.
Alumme di Rocca, from China, and Constantinople.
Chopra, from Cochin and Malabar.
Oppopanax, from Persia.
Lignum Aloes, from Cochin, China, and Malacca.
Demnar, from Siacca and Blinton.
Galangae, from China, Chaul, Goa, and Cochin.
Laccha, from Pegu, and Balaguate.
Carabbe, from Almanie.
Coloquintida, from Cyprus.
Agaricum, from Alemania.
Scamonea, from Syria, and Persia.
Bdellium, from Arabia felix, and Mecca.
Cardamomum small, from Barcelona.
Cardamomum great, from Bengala.
Tamarinda, from Balsara.
Aloe Secutrina, from Secutra.
Aloe Epatica, from Pat.
Safran, from Balsara, and Persia.
Lignum de China, from China.
Rhaponticum, from Persia, and Pugia.
Thus, from Secutra.
Turpith, from Diu, and Cambaia.
Nuts of India, from Goa, and other places of India.
Nux vomica, from Malabar.
Sanguis Draconis, from Secutra.
Armoniago, from Persia.
Spodio di Cana, from Cochin.
Margaratina, from Balaguate.
Muske from Tartarie, by way of China.
Ambracban, from Melinde, and Mosombique.
Indico, from Zindi and Cambaia.
Silkes fine, from China.
Long pepper, from Bengala and Malacca.
Latton, from China.
Momia, from the great Cayro.
Belzuinum Mandolalo, from Sian, and Baros.
Belzuinum burned, from Bonnia.
Castorium, from Almania.
Corallina, from the red sea.
Masticke, from Sio.
Mella, from Romania.
Oppium, from Pogia, and Cambaia.
Calamus Aromaticus, from Constantinople.
Capari, from Alexandria and other places.
Dates, from Arabia felix and Alexandria.
Dictamnum album, from Lombardia.
Draganti, from Morea.
Euphorbium, from Barbaria.
Epithymum, from Candia.
Sena, from Mecca.
Gumme Arabike, from Zaffo.
Grana, from Coronto.
Ladanum, from Cyprus and Candia.
Lapis lazzudis, from Persia.
Lapis Zudassi, from Zaffetto.
Lapis Spongij is found in sponges.
Lapis Haematites, from Almanie.
Manna, from Persia.
Auripigmentum, from manie places of Turkie.
Pilatro, from Barbaria.
Pistaches, from Doria.
Worme-seede, from Persia.
Sumack, from Cyprus.
Sebesten, from Cyprus.
Galbanum from Persia.
Dente d'Abolio, from Melinde, and Mosambique.
Folium Indicum, from Goa, and Cochin.
Diasprum viride, from Cambaia.
Petra Bezzuar, from Tartaria.
Sarcacolla, from Persia.
Melleghete, from the West parts.
Sugo di Requillicie, from Arabia felix.
Chochenillo, from the West India.
Rubarbe, from Persia, and China.
The times or seasonable windes called Monsons, wherein the ships depart
from place to place in the East Indies.
Note that the Citie of Goa is the principall place of all the Orientall
India, and the winter there beginneth the 15 of May with very great raine,
and so continueth till the first of August, so that during that space, no
shippe can passe ouer the barre of Goa, because through the continuall
shoures of raine all the sandes ioyne together neere vnto a mountaine
called Oghane, and all these sandes being ioyned together, runne into the
shoales of the barre and port of Goa, and can haue no other issue, but to
remaine in that port, and therefore it is shut vp vntill the first of
August, but at the 10 of August it openeth by reason of the raine which
ceaseth, and the sea doeth then scoure the sands away againe.
The monson from Goa to the Northward, to say, for Chaul, Diu, Cambaia,
Daman, Basaim, and other places.
The ships depart from betwixt the tenth and 24 of August, for the Northward
places abouesayde, and to these places they may saile all times of the
yeere, except in the winter, which beginneth and endeth at the times
abouesaid.
The monson from the North parts, for Goa.
The ships depart from Chaul, Diu, Cambaia, and other places Northwards for
Goa, betwixt the 8 and 15 of Ianuarie, and come to Goa about the end of
Februarie.
The first monson from Diu for the straight of Mecca.
The ships depart from Diu about the 15 of Ianuarie, and returne from the
straights to Diu in the moneth of August.
The second monson from Diu for the straight of Mecca.
The ships depart betwixt the 25 and first of September, and returne from
the straights to Diu, the first and 15 of May.
The monson from Secutra for Ormus.
The ships depart about the tenth of August for Ormus: albeit Secutra is an
Iland and hath but few ships, which depart as abouesaid.
The monson wherein the Moores of the firme land come to Goa.
About the fifteenth of September the Moores of the firme lande beginne to
come to Goa, and they come from all parts, as well from Balaguate,
Bezenegar, as also from Sudalacan, and other places.
The monson wherein the Moores of the firme land depart from Goa.
They depart from Goa betwixt the 10 and 15 day of Nouember. Note that by
going for the North is ment the departing from Goa, for Chaul, Diu,
Cambaia, Daman, Basaim, Ghassain, and other places vnto Zindi: and by the
South is vnderstood, departing from Goa, for Cochin, and all that coast
vnto Cape Comori.
The first monson from Goa for Ormus.
The shippes depart in the moneth of October from Goa, for Ormus, passing
with Easterly windes along the coast of Persia.
The second monson from Goa to Ormus.
The ships depart about the 20 of Ianuarie passing by the like nauigation
and windes as in the first monson, and this is called of the Portugals and
Indians Entremonson.
The third monson from Goa to Ormus.
The ships depart betwixt the 25 of March, and 6 of Aprill, hauing Easterly
windes, till they passe Secutra, and then they find Westerly windes, and
therefore they set their course ouer for the coast of Arabia, till they
come to Cape Rasalgate and the Straight of Ormus, and this monson is most
troublesome of all: for they make two nauigations in the heigth of Seylan,
which is 6 degrees and somewhat lower.
The first monson from Ormus for Chaul, and Goa.
The ships depart from Ormus for Chaul, and Goa in the moneth of September,
with North and Northeast windes.
The second monson from Ormus for Chaul and Goa.
The second monson is betwixt the fiue and twentie and last of December,
with like winds as the former monson.
The third monson from Ormus for Chaul and Goa.
The third monson the ships depart from Ormus, for Chaul and Goa, betwixt
the first and 15. of April, and they saile with Southeast windes, East and
Northeast windes, coasting vpon the Arabia side from Cape Mosandon vnto
Cape Rasalgate, and hauing lost the sight of Cape Rasalgate, they haue
Westerly windes, and so come for Chaul and Goa, and if the said ships
depart not before the 25 of April, they are not then to depart that monson,
but to winter in Ormus because of the winter.
The first monson from Ormus for Zindi.
The ships depart from Ormus betwixt the 15 and 26 of Aprill.
The second monson from Ormus for Zindi.
The ships depart betwixt the 10 and 20 of October for Zindi from Ormus.
The monson from Ormus for the red sea.
The ships depart from Ormus betwixt the first and last of Ianuarie.
Hitherto I haue noted the monsons of the ships departing from Goa to the
Northward: Now follow the monsons wherein the ships depart from Goa, to
the Southward.
The Monson from Goa for Calicut, Cochin, Seilan, and all that coast.
The ships depart from those places betwixt the 1 and 15 of August, and
there they find it nauigable all the yeere except in the winter, which
continueth as is aforesayd, from the 15 of May till the 10 of August.
[Sidenote: Note.] In like maner the ships come from these places for Goa at
euery time in the yeere except in the winter, but of all other the best
time is to come in Nouember, December and Ianuary.
The first monson from Goa, for Pegu.
The ships depart from Goa, betwixt the 15 and 20 of April, and winter at S.
Thomas, and after the 5 of August, they depart from S. Thomas for Pegu.
The second monson from Goa, for Pegu.
The ships depart from Goa betwixt the 8 and 24 of August, going straight
for Pegu, and if they passe the 24 of August, they cannot passe that
monson, neither is there any more monsons till April as is aforesaid.
[Sidenote: Marchandize good for Pegu.] Note that the chiefest trade is to
take money of S. Thomas rials, and patechoni, and to goe to S. Thomas, and
there to buy Tellami, which is fine cloth of India, whereof there is great
quantitie made in Coromandel, and brought thither, and other marchandise
are not good for that place except some dozen of very faire Emeraulds
orientall. For of golde, siluer, and Rubies, there is sufficient store in
Pegu.
The monson from Pegu for the Indies.
The ships depart from Pegu betwixt the 15 and 25 of Ianuarie, and come to
Goa about the 25 of March, or in the beginning of April. Note, that if it
passe the 10 of May before the sayde ships be arriued in Goa, they cannot
come thither that monson, and if they haue not then fet the coast of India,
they shall with great perill fetch S. Thomas.
The first monson from Goa for Malacca.
The ships depart betwixt the 15 and last of September, and arriue in
Malacca about the end of October.
The second monson from Goa to Malacca.
The ships depart about the 5 of May from Goa, and arriue in Malacca about
the 15 of Iune.
The first monson from Malacca to Goa.
The ships depart about the 10 of September, and come to Goa about the end
of October.
The second monson from Malacca to Goa.
The ships depart from Malacca about the 10 of February, and come to Goa
about the end of March. But if the said ships should stay till the 10 of
May they cannot enter into Goa, and if at that time also they should not be
arriued at Cochin, they are forced to retume to Malacca, because the winter
and contrary windes then come vpon them.
The monson from Goa for China.
The ships depart from Goa in the moneth of April.